Explanation
No. Basic GPS positioning does not require an internet connection. A GPS receiver calculates its location using signals broadcast by satellites.
GPS.gov explains that satellites send one-way position and timing signals, which the receiver uses to calculate its own position. NASA describes the same satellite-based process. Separately, Google documents navigation using downloaded maps when an internet connection is unavailable.
Location and map services are different functions. Google Maps offline driving navigation requires the entire route to be within the downloaded area, and live traffic information is unavailable offline. GPS positioning alone does not provide those online features.
Key takeaway
GPS positioning and internet access are separate. Offline maps can provide navigation, but online features may remain unavailable.